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- <text id=93TT1148>
- <title>
- Mar. 15, 1993: A Few Words from the Pioneers
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Mar. 15, 1993 In the Name of God
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 58
- A Few Words from the Pioneers
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Leon Jaroff, James Watson and Francis Crick
- </p>
- <p> Watson and Crick. Their names, like those of Lewis and
- Clark, Rodgers and Hammerstein, and Stanley and Livingstone,
- are enshrined in tandem. Yet a few years after their epochal
- discovery, the men--James Dewey Watson and Francis Harry
- Compton Crick--began to drift apart. Though they have
- remained in touch--except for a cooling-off period after Crick
- took exception to some of the material in Watson's best-selling
- book, The Double Helix--they have seldom met in recent years.
- </p>
- <p> Watson remained a working scientist for only a few more
- years, then bounced back and forth in academe, studying and
- teaching at the California Institute of Technology and Harvard,
- and writing The Double Helix. In 1968 he assumed the
- directorship at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, where he has
- spruced up the once shabby campus and added to the scientific
- prestige of an already renowned institution. Taking on an added
- burden, Watson lobbied vigorously for the creation of the Human
- Genome Proj ect and in 1988 became its director, guiding it
- through its first four years.
- </p>
- <p> Crick, who had actually begun his career as a physicist,
- remained ever the scientist, first investigating the workings of
- the living cell, turning next to a decade-long study of
- developmental biology and finally, in 1976, moving to
- California. There, he joined the Salk Institute for Biological
- Studies, where for most of the past 17 years he has been
- involved in a study of the brain, specializing in the visual
- system because "I want to know how we see something." To
- requests for interviews or appearances, he politely replied by
- cards listing multiple choices ("Dr. Crick does not give
- interviews." "Dr. Crick does not do TV shows." And so on) with
- the appropriate rejection checked off. On this special
- occasion, TIME's Leon Jaroff received no such card. Some
- highlights of his interview with the awesome twosome:
- </p>
- <p> Q. Your famous 900-word article 40 years ago seemed a
- little understated. Were you being modest?
- </p>
- <p> Crick: The structure of DNA gives the game away, once
- you've seen it. A schoolboy can understand it. It's not
- something like relativity or quantum mechanics. It's a
- Tinkertoy, as some body once said.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Jim, your book The Double Helix, in which you colorfully
- described the events leading to the unveiling of DNA, gave many
- people their first glimpse of the human side of science--the
- competition, the egos, the jealousies. In retrospect, do you
- wish you had written any sections differently?
- </p>
- <p> Watson: No, I wouldn't touch a word. There were a couple of
- phrases they [the publisher] made me take out for good taste.
- I saw it as a story that was almost a novel and thought it would
- be useful to keep young people going into science from being
- disillusioned. A lot of people go in with idealistic ideas, only
- to find out that scientists are driven by the desire to make a
- discovery before someone else does.
- </p>
- <p> Q. The first line of the book is, "I have never seen
- Francis Crick in a modest mood." Francis, I understand the
- publication caused you some distress?
- </p>
- <p> Crick: Oh, it did. When Jim read me a chapter in a
- restaurant, I thought nobody will want to read all this stuff.
- You see how wrong I was. It wasn't what I would call a
- scholarly account. I objected to it because of that.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Francis, why until now have you been rather reticent
- about granting interviews and making public appearances?
- </p>
- <p> Crick: It's just the way I am. I decided I did not want to
- become what's called a celebrity. For a long time, I refused to
- let people put my photo in textbooks. Unfortunately, I have a
- very good press agent. [He gestures toward Watson.] Now it's
- hopeless.
- </p>
- <p> Watson: I think virtually anytime you grant an interview
- and your name appears in the newspaper, your colleagues are
- upset. Publicity-seeking scientists generally aren't thought of
- very well.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Jim, why did you resign last year as head of the Human
- Genome Project? Was it strictly over differences with National
- Institutes of Health director Bernadine Healy? And since she is
- now scheduled to depart this summer, do you regret having
- resigned?
- </p>
- <p> Watson: No. I had the position for almost four years, and I
- was trying to hold down two full-time jobs. I was beginning to
- get worn out. Anyway, if you have no respect for your boss, you
- should quit, because you're going to be fired. I left over
- policy matters concerning the patenting of DNA sequences.
- </p>
- <p> Q. What about the requested genome-project funding of about
- $200 million a year? How does that square with the push to
- reduce the deficit and cut spending?
- </p>
- <p> Watson: It's a much better use of the money than many other
- ways we're now spending the money. The project will pay for
- itself many, many times over. They've already found a gene on
- chromosome 14 that is responsible for much early onset of
- Alzheimer's disease. Another medical objective is to understand
- why some women are at greater risk than others for getting
- breast cancer, and it's hoped that the gene responsible will be
- isolated over the next several months.
- </p>
- <p> Crick: The fallout from the genome project will not only be
- for medical things. It'll illuminate, for example, the nature
- of evolution and the origin of life.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Do you ever worry about where gene therapy will lead,
- especially the manipulation of germ cells that will affect
- future generations?
- </p>
- <p> Crick: There could be problems. Patients in gene-therapy
- experiments can give their formal consent, but that's not quite
- so easy for a child that isn't born.
- </p>
- <p> Watson: You can worry when we start trying to improve human
- beings. But if we could make ourselves resistant to AIDS, you
- would say that we should go ahead and do that.
- </p>
- <p> Crick: All the worries about genetic engineering pale in
- significance with the question of what you are going to do
- about there being so many people in the world and the rate at
- which they increase.
- </p>
- <p> Watson: Yes, that's what I worry about--overpopulation.
- </p>
- <p> Q. How would you summarize the importance of unlocking the
- secrets of DNA?
- </p>
- <p> Crick: Everything we want to know about biology--and
- ourselves--will flow from the foundation of genetics, which is
- based in DNA. That's not to say that everything we do is
- determined by our genes. Heredity is modified by experience.
- </p>
- <p> Watson: The molecule is so beautiful. Its glory was
- reflected on Francis and me. I guess the rest of my life has
- been spent trying to prove that I was almost equal to being
- associated with DNA, which has been a hard task.
- </p>
- <p> Crick: We were upstaged by a molecule.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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